RELATIVE CLAUSE[1]
(Sıfat Cümleciği)
Clause: İçinde bir özne ve bir yüklem barındıran şey bir clause’dır. Bu clause ya bir bağımsız cümle (independent clause) olur veya yan cümle (dependent clause) olur. Bağımsız cümleler ana cümlelerdir (main clause).
Yan cümleler ana
cümlede gördükleri fonksiyona göre isimlendirilirler:
§
The people who came to my party had a good time.
(ismi niteliyor, sıfat yan cümleciği)
§ We
had a good time since the organisation was a
well-designed one. (zarf cümleciği)
§ That the organisation was a well-organised one
made us happy. (isim cümleciği)
Relative
Pronoun: Relative clause başlarında yer alan which, who, whom, that zamirleri
NOTE: What bir
relative pronoun değildir. Bu konuda göreceğimiz when, where, why ve whereby
ise relative adverb’tür.
Altın Kurallar
1) Relative clause içinde nitelenen ismin kendisi veya onu kasteden bir zamir yer almaz..
§ The
movie which we saw last night was great. (not The movie which we
saw it last night was great.)
§ The
movie whose subject / the subject of which was
complicated couldn’t take my interest. (not The movie which its subject was complicated
couldn’t take my interest)
2)
Relative clause isimden sonra gelir ve nitelemiş olduğu isimden
ayrılmaz. (Non-defining relative clause hariç.)
§ The
movie which we saw last night was great. (not The movie was great
which we saw last night.)
3)
Eğer bir relative pronoun’dan sonra cümle geliyorsa o relative pronoun
atılabilir.
§ The
movie (that)
we saw last night was great. (=The movie we saw last night was
great.)
4)
Ancak relative pronoun’dan sonra yüklem geliyorsa atamayız.
§ The
people who came to
my party had a good time. (not The people came to my party had
a good time)
5)
Preposition’dan sonra who, that veya Æ gelmez. which veya whom gelir.
6)
Whose’dan sonra bir isim gelir.
7)
Non-defining relative cause iki virgül arasına alınır. Bu tür cümlelerde that kullanılmaz.
8)
Which insan olmayanlar için
kullanılır.
Relative Clause in Details
Sıfat cümlecikleri (adjective clause) bir ismi
tanımlamalarına (defining) veya isim hakkında fazladan malumat
vermelerine göre ikiye (non-defining) ayrılır. Tanımlayıcı olmayan sıfat
yan-cümlecikler (non-defining relative clause) daha çok özel isimleri
veya iyelik ifadeleri (my, his, Ahmet’s vs.) veya gösterme sıfatları (this, that
vs.) ile tanımlanmış isimlerden sonra kullanılırlar.
Yapısal
olarak iki virgül ile niteledikleri isimden ve cümlenin kalanından ayrılmaları
(1), virgülden sonra that almamaları (2) ve cümle içinde zaman zaman
taşınabilmeleri (3) yönleriyle
tanımlayıcı sıfat yan-cümleciklerinden (defining relative clause)
ayrılırlar. Oluşturduğu anlam farkı için aşağıdaki cümleleri inceleyiniz:
§
My wife who is 27 years old
is very smart.[2] (I
live in Saudi Arabia. I have more than one wife.)
- My wife, who is 27
years old, is very smart.[3]
(I have only one wife.)
1. ÖZNE
KONUMUNDAKİ RELATIVE PRONOUN
Defining
Relative Clause
N
|
who
that
|
V
|
a) İnsanlar için [N + who/that + V] (whom
ve Æ olmaz.)
I thanked the
women. She helped me.
§ I thanked the women
|
who
that
|
helped me.
|
N
|
which
that
|
V
|
b) İnsan olmayanlar için [N + which/that + V] (Æ olmaz)
The book is mine. It is
on the table.
§ The book
|
which
that
|
is on the table is mine..
|
Non-Defining Relative Clause
N
|
,
|
who
|
V
|
a) İnsanlar için [N+, who + V] (whom
, that ve Æ olmaz)
My brother Jim is a doctor. He
lives in London.
§ My brother Jim,
|
who
|
lives in London, is a doctor.
|
N
|
,
|
which
|
V
|
b) İnsan olmayanlar için [N+, which + V] (that ve Æ olmaz)
These drugs must be withdrawn from sale. They are used to treat stomach ulcer.
§ These drugs,
|
which
|
are used to treat stomach
ulcer, must be withdrawn.
|
2. NESNE
KONUMUNDAKİ RELATIVE PRONOUN (YÜKLEM SONRASI)
Defining Relative
Clause
N
|
whom
who
that
Æ
|
S
|
a) İnsanlar için [N +
whom/who/that/Æ + Sentence] (hepsi
olur)
The man was Mr.
Jones. I saw him.
§ The man
|
whom
who
that
Ø
|
I saw was Mr. Jones..
|
N
|
which
that
Æ
|
S
|
b) İnsan olmayanlar için [N + which/that/Æ + Sentence] (hepsi
olur)
The movie was not very good. We saw it last night.
§ The movie
|
which
that
Ø
|
we saw last night was not
very good..
|
Non-Defining
Relative Clause
a) İnsanlar için [N, + whom/who/Æ + Sentence] (that olmaz)
N
|
,
|
whom
who
Æ
|
S
|
This morning, I met Diana. I hadn’t seen her
for ages.
§ This morning I met Diana,
|
whom
who
Ø
|
I hadn’t seen for ages.
|
N
|
,
|
whom
Æ
|
S
|
b) İnsan olmayanlar için [N, + which/Æ + Sentence] (that
olmaz)
We stayed at Grand
Hotel. Ann recommended it to
us.
§ We stayed at Grand Hotel,
|
which
Ø
|
Ann recommended us.
|
3. NESNE KONUMUNDAKİ RELATIVE
PRONOUN (PREPOSITION SONRASI)
Defining
Relative Clause
a)
İnsanlar için
N
|
prep
|
whom
|
S
|
She
is the woman. I told you about her.
§ She
is the woman about whom I told you.
Preposition yerinde bırakılırsa ‘whom, who, that, Ø’ kullanılır. [N+whom/who/that/Æ+Sentence…+prep]
§ She
is the woman whom / who / that / Ø
I told you about.
b)
İnsan olmayanlar için
Preposition başa alınırsa sadece ‘which’ kullanılır. [N + prep +
which + Sentence]
N
|
prep
|
which
|
S
|
The mosaic is good. We
are looking at it.
§ The
mosaic at which we are looking is good.
Preposition yerinde bırakılırsa ‘which, that, Ø’ kullanılır. [N+whom/who/that/Æ+Sentence…+prep]
§ The
mosaic which / that / Ø we are
looking at is good.
Non-Defining
Relative Clause
N
|
,
|
prep
|
whom
|
S
|
a)
İnsanlar için
Preposition başa alınırsa sadece ‘whom’ kullanılır. [N, + prep +
whom + Sentence]
My professor got married
last week. All female students fell in love with him.
§ My professor,
with whom all female students fell in love, got married last
week.
Preposition yerinde bırakılırsa ‘whom, who veya Ø’ kullanılır. [N,+whom/who/Æ+Sentence…+prep]
§ My professor,
whom/who/Ø all female students fell in love with, got married last week.
N
|
,
|
prep
|
which
|
S
|
b)
İnsan olmayanlar için
Preposition başa alınırsa sadece ‘which’ kullanılır. [N + prep +
which + Sentence]
My house is worth over 15000 dollars. He proposed 10000 dollars for it.
§
My
house, for which he proposed 10000 dollars, is worth over 15000
dollars.
Preposition yerinde bırakılırsa ‘which, veya Ø’ kullanılır. [N+which/Æ+Sentence…+prep]
My house is worth over 15000 dollars. He proposed 10000 dollars for it.
§
My
house, which / Æ he
proposed 10000 dollars for, is worth
over 15000 dollars.
[5]4)
WHOSE: whose + noun
a)
İnsanlar için: özneyse [N+whose+N+V] , nesneyse [N+whose+N+Sentence]
I
know the man. His bicycle was stolen.
§ I
know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
The student writes
well. I read her composition.
§ The
student whose composition I read writes well.
b)
İnsan olmayanlar için: özneyse [N+whose+N+V] , nesneyse [N+whose+N+Sentence]
Mr.
Catt has a painting. Its value is inestimable.
§ Mr. Catt has a painting
|
whose value
the value of which
|
is inestimable.
|
NOTE: the
painting’s value = the value of the painting
olduğundan, sahiplik
belirtmek amacıyla ‘whose+N’ yerine ‘N+of which’ kullanılmıştır.
5) WHEN: Zaman belirten bir isimden sonra kullanılır.
a) N+when+sentence
I
will never forget the day. I met you (on) that day / then.
§ I
will never forget the day when we first met. (not…when
we first met on.)
N
|
when
that
Æ
prep+which
|
S
|
§ I
will never forget the day on which we first met.
c) N+which/that/Ø+sentence
§ I
will never forget the day that
/ Ø we first met.
NOTE:
‘which’ preposition nitelenen isme göre değişir:
the year in which, the night at which etc.
I
have to submit this report by someday. Do you know that
day?
§
Do
you know the day by which I have to submit this report?
6) WHERE Yer
belirten bir isimden sonra kullanılır.
N
|
where
prep+which
|
S
|
The building is very
old. He lives there / in that building.
N
|
which
That
Æ
|
S (with prep)
|
I will go to
Sweden. My daughter lives in that country / there.
§ I
will go to Sweden, where / in which my daughter
lives.
§ I
will go to Sweden, which / Ø my daughter lives in.
NOTE:
‘where’ ile ‘which’
birbirleriyle karıştırılmamalıdır.
WHERE ancak içinde bulunmak anlamında bir mekan için kullanılırken, WHICH
mekan bir cisim veya bir nesne olarak düşünüldüğünde kullanılır. Dolayısıyla “where”
there için, “which” it veya them için kullanılır.[9]
The house belongs to my uncle. We had a party there.
§ The
house where we had the party
belongs to my Uncle Kenneth.
The house cost over $200,000.
My uncle bought it.
§ The
house which my Uncle Kenneth bought cost over $200,000.
NOTE: ‘where’ aynı zamanda position,
situation, case, instance, point, level, stage[14] gibi isimlerden sonra
kullanılır. Where yerine duruma göre
in/on/at which getirilebilir.
- She is now in a position in which / where
she is fully authorized to choose the personnel.
- We are confronted with a situation in which / where urgent action is
vital to avert a war.
- He has long past the stage at which / where
his misbehavior could be tolerated.
- Technology has brought us to a point at which / where we can sit in our homes and order goods as far as the
United States.
N
|
whereby
by which
through
which
by means of which
|
S
|
7) WHEREBY: (by
which, ) (kendisi vasıtasıyla, sayesinde)
I found a formula.I can solve the problem by this formula.
§ I found a formula whereby / by
which I can solve the problem.[15]
NOTE: “by means of which” ve “through which” de whereby veya
by which yerine kullanılır
§ The government is to end the system by
means of which / through which formers make more from leaving
land unplanted than from growing wheat.[16]
8) WHY: neden anlamına gelen reason isminden
sonra kullanılır.
§ I
didn’t get a pay rise, but this was not the reason why / for which
/ that I left the company.
§ The
reason why / for which / that I’m late is bad weather conditions.
The reason
|
why
for which
that
|
S
|
NOTE: Buradaki that yerine which kullanılamaz.
9) Tüm Cümleyi Kasteden WHICH
Bazen virgülden sonra
yazılan which tüm cümleyi niteleyebilir. Aynı ifadenin alternatifleri de
aşağıda verilmiştir.
§ The book won’t be published until next
year, which is disappointing.
= The book won’t be
published until next year. This/that is disappointing.
= The book won’t be
published until next year, and this/that is disappointing.
= That the book won’t be
published until next year is disappointing.
That that
Zaman
zaman iki that yan yana gelebilmektedir. Aslında buradaki that’lerin ilki çoğulu those
olan ve cümleden atılamayacak olan bir zamirdir.
§ The
bread my mother makes is much better than that (that) you buy at a
store.
(=The bread my mother makes is much
better than the bread (that) you buy at a store.
§ We
sometimes fear that (that) we don’t understand.
(=We
sometimes fear the thing (that) we don’t understand.
§ His handwriting is like that (= the handwriting) of a much younger child.
§ Our children are luckier than those (=the children) who live in rural areas.
NOTE: Buralardaki that veya those
yerine this veya these kullanılamaz.
,
|
quantifier
|
OF
|
WHOM
WHICH
WHOSE
|
|
superlative
sıralama sayıları
|
||||
the noun
|
Quantifiers, superlatives and nouns
with Relative Pronouns
Bu yapılar virgüle niteledikleri
isimden ayrıldıktan sonra of preposition’u ile relative pronouna
bağlanırlar. Bu tür yapılarda who veya that kullanılamaz.
N
|
,
|
some
|
of
|
which
whom
whose
|
a) quantifier
We have two typists.
Both of them
are quite efficient.
§ We have two typists, both of whom
are quite efficient.
He has written five
novels. All of them have been translated into several foreign
language.
§ He has written five novels, all of
which have been translated into several foreign languages.
The teacher was praised by the director. Most of
his students were successful.
§ The teacher, most of whose students were
successful was praised by the director.
b) superlative / ordinal
numbers
He has three
daughters. The second of them
is very smart.
§ He has three daughters, the second of
whom is very smart.
There are many
lakes in Turkey. The largest of them
is Lake Van.
§ There are many lakes in Turkey, the
largest of which is Lake Van.
c) noun
Aslında daha önce de gecen sahiplik durumundan başka bir şey değildir[17].
Sadece cansızların sahipliğinde söz konusudur ve alternatifi whose ile
yapılır.
The house will be repaired. The roof of the house has been damaged.
§ The house, the roof of which
/ whose roof has been damaged, will be repaired.
The agreement will end the long running dispute between
the two countries. The details of the
agreement will be released tomorrow.
§ The agreement, the details of which
/ whose details will be released tomorrow, will end the long
running dispute between the two countries.
REDUCTION
OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Sıfat cümleciklerde indirgeme
ancak who, which, that zamirlerinde ve kendilerinden
sonar yüklem gelme durumunda söz konusudur. Relative clause’un ana cümle ile eş
zamanlı olup olmaması indirgeme biçimini etkiler.
a) zamirden sonra TO BE, eş zamanlı
who
which + TO BE
that
|
|
ikisi de gider
|
§ Man who is
talking to John is from Korea.
§ (=Man talking to John is from Korea.)
§ The ideas which
are presented in that book are good.
§ (=The ideas presented in that book are
good.)
§ Ann is the woman who is responsible for that error.
§ (=Ann is the woman responsible for that
error.)
who
which + VERB
that
|
|
Ving
|
b) zamirden sonra VERB, eş zamanlı
§ English has an alphabet which consists of
26 letters.
§ English has an alphabet consisting of
26 letters.
§ Anyone who
wants to come is welcome.
§ Anyone wanting
to come is welcome.
§ Students who
does not work hard cannot
pass the UDS exam.
§ Students not
working hard cannot pass the his exam.
who
which + VERBönce
that
|
|
having V3
|
c) zamirden sonra VERB,
relative clause daha önce gerçekleştiyse
§ Ann who has
seen the film before wants to go to the theatre.
§
Ann having seen the film before wants to go to the
theatre.
§ His family, who
had gone to Bodrum last summer, decided to go to Hawaii
this summer.
§ His family, having
gone to Bodrum last summer, decided to go to Hawaii this summer.
ANCAK pasiflerde zamir ve TO BE atılmaya
devam edilir. HAVING BEEN V3 zorunlu değildir.
§ The method which
was not used in Turkey last year will be utilized next
year.
§ The method not used in Turkey last year
will be utilized next year.
NOTE: Non-defining relative clause eğer bir özneyi nitelemekteyse,
indirgemeden sonra bu clause cümle başına çekilebilir.
§ Bodrum, which
is popular holiday resort, attracts many tourists.
§ Bodrum, popular holiday resort,
attracts many tourists.
§ Popular holiday resort, Bodrum attracts many tourists.
§ Bodrum, which
attracts many tourists every year, is an important
holiday resort.
§ Bodrum, attracting many tourists every
year, is an important holiday resort.
§ Attracting many tourists every year,
Bodrum an important holiday resort.
d) the first/best/only
Eğer sıfat cümlecik ile nitelenen isim daha önceden
bir superlative sıfat, bir sıralama sayısı veya the only
ile nitelenmişse indirgeme to V1 şeklinde yapılır.
§ The first athlete who finishes the race gets the prize.
§ The first athlete to finish the race gets the prize.
§ Madama Crue is the only woman scientist who win the Nobel Prize.
§ Madama Crue is the only woman scientist to win the Nobel Prize.
§ She was the largest ship which was built here last year.
§ She was the largest ship (to be) built here last year.
e) with some modals
Bunlar da TO V1 olarak indirgenirler.
§ That was a good method that could be followed.
§ That was a good method to be followed.
§ He has a lot of responsibilities that he must fulfil.
§ He has a lot of responsibilities to fulfil.
[1] ADJECTIVE CLAUSE da denir.
[4] Bu relative clause için geçerli bir kuraldır.
Yoksa noun clause cümlesinde prepositiondan sonra who gelmiştir:
§ There is a list of who has been
invited on the table.
[5] Bu noktadan sonra yapıca
virgülden başka bir farklılık göstermeyeceğinden relative clause “defining” ve “non-defining” olarak
ayrılarak gösterilmeyecektir.
[6] Zamana uygun preposition kullanılır: günler için on,
yıllar için in vs
[7] Uygun prep ile where yerine prep+which
kullanılabilir.
[9] Ayirt etmek icin: (1) Cümleyi iki ayrı cümle
haline getirin. Relative clause olacak cümlede there veya prep+it/them
oluyorsa where gelir. (2) nitelenen ismin yerine başka bir nesne
yerlestirin (orn dolmakalem) hala anlamli ise which gelir. (3) boşlukta mekan
prepositoun’u +which katabiliyorsanız where gelir.
[11] Do you know the park? I’d like to see it.
[12] Do you know the park? I can find a fountain in that place / there.
[13] Do you know the place? They let me cook some fish at that place / there
[14] stage zaman da belirtebileceginden bazen when
ile de kullanilir.
[15] (Kendisi vasıtasıyla) problemi çözebileceğim bir
formül buldum.
[16] Hükümet (kendisi vasıtasıyla) çiftçilerin buğday
yetiştirmek yerine toprağı nadasa bırakarak para kazandığı sisteme son vermeli.
[17] Bkz 4. WHOSE
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