SENTENCE CONNECTORS

SENTENCE CONNECTORS

1.   Contrast

a.   Direct Opposition

§  Ali worked hard. On the other hand/In contrast/ However, Okan hardly did any work at all.

§  Metin is lazy. However, his brother is quite diligent (=hard working).

§  George is an optimist. In contrast/However/, Bill is a pessimist.

§  Extroverts love crowds. In contrast, introverts prefer solitude.

§  Six is more than five; conversely, five is less than six.

b. Denial of Expectation (Unexpected result)

§  She studied diligently for several months. Nevertheless/However/Yet/Nonetheless, she failed.

§  George is very handsome. Yet, he is not popular with girls.

§  My uncle is 70 years old now. Nonetheless, he maintains his interest in legal matters.

1.   TENSES

2.   MODALS

3.  CAUSATİVE

4. CONDITIONALS(wish clause-If clause and others)

5. THE PASSİVE VOICE

6.      DETERMINERS

7.      NOUNS

8.      PRONOUN

9.      ADJECTIVE

10.  ADVERB

11.  RELATIVE CLAUSE

12.  NOUN CLAUSE

13.  ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

14.  INVERSION

15.  PREPOSITION

16.   SENTENCE CONNECTORS

1. THE MEANINGS OF PREPOSITIONS

Aşağıdaki tablo en genel preposition anlamlarını vermektedir. Her anlam için bir örnek verilmiştir.

 
About
    1. On the subject of:  This is a story about elephants.
    2. Approximately:  He is about ten years old.

Above
    1. Higher than; over:  The plane flew above the clouds.
    2. Earlier on a page:  There is a heading above each diagram.

Across
    1. From one side to the other:  We walked across the field.
    2. On the other side of:  There is a store across the street.

INVERSION (devrik yapı)

      İngilizce’de iki türlü devrik yapıdan bahsetmek mümkündür. İlki öznenin ana yüklemden sonra geldiği devrik yapılar. Diğeri ise yardımcı fiilin öznenin önüne geçtiği devrik yapılar.

            1. VERB+SUBJECT YAPILAR

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES (Zarf Cümlecikleri)

            Zarfın yerini tutan subordinate cümleciklere adverbial clause denir. Bir şeyin ne zaman, nerede nasıl, hangi surette, ne amaçla, hangi sebeple vs. yapıldığını anlatan cümleciklerdir.

Time (zaman)

as long as               since                                         by the time

before                    whenever                                  the moment

after                       as soon as                                 until/till

as                           when                                        no sooner…than…        

while                      once                                         hardly/scarcely…when/before…

s  He will remain a bachelor until he dies.[1]

s  I’ll remember you as long as I live.[2]

s  We had no sooner gone to bed than the phone rang.[3]

s  Once it is destroyed, it can’t be recreated.[4]

s  Whenever we make choices, we give up something.[5]

s  While I was watching television, he was doing his homework.

s  I’ll give him your message when I see him tomorrow.

NOUN CLAUSES

That Whether/if WH words (what, who, which, how, etc.)	Sentence
Who What Whose  + N	Verb

 İsmin yerine kullanılan  bağlı cümlelere noun clause denir. Genel olarak zamirinden sonra (that, what etc.) cümle gelir. Ancak özne konumunda kullanıldığında who, what veya whose+noun kendisinden sonra yüklem alır.

That Clause

Türkçe’ye çoğunlukla –(di)ği veya –mesi ekleriyle çevrilir.Bu eklere noun clause’ın cümledeki pozisyonuna göre –ni, -nu vs. (belirtili nesne) veya –na, -ne vs. (dolaylı tümleç) ekleri ilave edilir.

• Isn’t it important that he loves you? (Seni sev-mesi önemli değil mi?)
• He doesn’t hide that he loves you. (Seni sevdi-ği-ni gizlemiyor.)
• He has promised that he will love you forever. (Seni sonsuza dek sevece-ği-ne söz verdi)

RELATIVE CLAUSE[1] (Sıfat Cümleciği)

            Clause: İçinde bir özne ve bir yüklem barındıran şey bir clause’dır. Bu clause ya bir bağımsız cümle (independent clause) olur veya yan cümle (dependent clause) olur. Bağımsız cümleler ana cümlelerdir (main clause). Yan cümleler ana cümlede gördükleri fonksiyona göre isimlendirilirler:

§  The people who came to my party had a good time. (ismi niteliyor, sıfat yan cümleciği)

§  We had a good time since the organisation was a well-designed one. (zarf cümleciği)

§  That the organisation was a well-organised one made us happy. (isim cümleciği)

            Relative Pronoun: Relative clause başlarında yer alan which, who, whom, that zamirleri

NOTE: What bir relative pronoun değildir. Bu konuda göreceğimiz when, where, why ve whereby ise relative adverb’tür.