English Lessons: ENGLISH TENSES

ENGLISH TENSES

VERB TENSES IN ENGLISH İNGİLİZCE'DE FİİL ZAMANLARI

	PRESENT	PAST	FUTURE
SIMPLE	V	V₂	will / be going to + V
CONT.	am / is / are + Ving	was / were + Vi_ng	Will be + Ving
PERFECT	have / has + V3	had + V₃	will have + V3
PER. CONT.	have / has been + Ving	had been + Ving	will have been + Vi_ng

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

A-General statements of fact

Doğa olayları, bilimsel bulgular, sınıflandırmalar, genellemeler ve atasözleri-deyimler gibi her zaman geçerliliği olan olay ve durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

The earth revolves around the sun. Dünya güneşin etrafında döner.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away. Günde bir elma doktoru uzak tutar.

The sun rises in the east. Güneş doğudan doğar.

It rains a lot in winter. Kışın yağmur çok yağar.

Everybody knows her. Onu herkes tanır.

The lions in the forest always hunt by running.

B-Habitual daily activities

Her zaman alışkanlık haline getirilmiş eylemler ve beceriler ile her gün, her hafta, her ay, her yıl gibi zamanlarda tekrar eden olayları ifade etmek için kullanılır.

He always drinks milk. 0 her zaman süt içer.

I always get up early. Ben daima erken kalkarım.

She always brushes her teeth. O daima dişlerini fırçalar.

It is rare that a stranger enters the town on foot on that hour.

The child always rides to the school.

Her neighbor knocks on her door every morning.

C- A present state of affairs

Belirli olayların şu anki durumunu göstermek için de kullanılır.

He studies English Literature in Salerno.

Her mother works in a factory.

My mother’s hair is black.

Gökçen Damla speaks five languages fluently.

D- Future schedules/timetables

Belirli bir çizelge ya da plana (örneğin, ders programları; uçak, gemi, tren, otobüs tarifeleri; sinema, tiyatro gibi etkinliklerin başlama ve bitiş saatleri; gezi programları)uygun olarak, "SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE" gelecek zamanda meydana gelecek bir olayı anlatmak için de kullanılır.

The bus leaves at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.

Our school begins next Monday.

The play starts at 9:00 tonight.

The film begins at 10:00 pm and it is too late for us.

The professor is in his office between 2:00 and 3:00 pm; you should visit him on that period.

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E- A future situation (In adverbial clauses of time)

After, before, by the time, when, until / till, as soon as, ojice, immediately, as long as gibi bağlaçlarla kurulmuş zaman cümleciklerde gelecek zaman bildirmek için bu zaman kullanılır.

We leave for Ankara tomorrow. Yarın Ankara'ya gidiyoruz.

My father arrives in Ankara next week. Babam gelecek hafta Ankara'ya varacak.

Final exams begin next week. Final sınavları haftaya başlayacak.

She comes after she finishes her work.

The ship arrives at America by the time your job is ready.

yan

F- A past activity or event in newspaper headlines

Gerçekte geçmiş zamanda olmuş bir eylem ya da durum gazete başlıklarında bu tense ile ifade edilir.

George Bush beats his rival in Florida.

The president condems the war in his speech.

Aynı şekilde, aslında geçmiş zamanda anlatılmış bir olay ya da hikaye bu tense ile anlatılabilir.

Sindrella runs out of the palace and drops her shoe..

G- Criticism or appraisal of artistic work

Bu tense, bir sanat eseri üzerinde yapılan olumlu ya da olumsuz eleştirilerde kullanılır.

Edgar Allen Poe successfully reflects the dark sides of humankind.

Goethe creates too melancholic characters in his works.

NOT: Normalde "yüklem + -ing" yapısı ile kullanılmayan bazı yüklemlerle birlikte kullanılır.

H- GENELDE yüklem görevindeyken "-ing" almayan FİİLLER

Mental state	know, realize, understand recognize	believe, feel, suppose, think	imagine, doubt remember, forget	want, need, prefer, mean
Emotional state	love, like, appreciate	hate, dislike	fear, envy	mind, care
Possession	possess	have	own	belong to
Sense perceptions	taste, smell	hear, feel
Other existing states	seem, look, appear	cost, owe, weigh	be, exist	consist of, contain, include . - ■. .

NOT: Bold olarak yazılanlar aşağıdaki bazı durumlarda –ing alabilirler:

feel yüklemi fikir sahibi olmak, düşünmek, duygusal olarak hissetmek anlamlarında kullanıldığında –ing almaz:

I feel he is happy.

I feel sorry fort he accident

Fiziksel olarak hissetmek anlamında kullanıldığında ise –ing eklenir:

Are you feeling my hand on your back?

I am feeling a pain on my finger.

have yüklemi sahip olmak anlamında kullanıldığında –ing almaz:

She has three sons, her friends have a car.

Yemek, almak, anlamında kullanıldığında veya kalıp fiiller olarak kullanıldığında –ing alabilir:

She is having a party

They are having dinner, please call them later. . ,

hear yüklemi duyu organının görevi olarak kullanıldığında –ing almaz:

I hear very well after the operation.

Do you hear me?

Alışılmadık durum belirttiğinde -ing ile kullanılabilir.

He is hearing things.

see yüklemi anlamak, görmek, anlamlarında kullanıldığında –ing almaz:

I see you have a big problem.

I see her situation.

Alışılmadık durum belirttiğinde "-ing" ile kullanılabilir.

I'm seeing double

smell yüklemi koku yaymak ve almak anlamında "-ing" almaz;

It smells bad.

Do you smell the odour?

Koklamak" anlamını taşıdığında –ing alır:

She is smelling the flowers in the garden. ,

taste yüklemi tadında olmak. anlamında "-ing" almaz:

It tastes nice

Tatmak anlamını taşıdığında "-ing" alır.

She is testing the excellent coffee.

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think yüklemi fikir sahibi olmak anlamında -ing almaz:

I think you are right

Düşünmek anlamını taşıdığında -ing alır.

What are you thinking about now?

look yüklemi görünmek anlamındayken –ing almaz, bakmak anlamındaysa alır:

Why are you looking at me?

Because you look very beautiful.

Simple Present'ın bu kullanımları (d-e) Türkçeye aktarılırken "yüklem + - er / -ir" ya da çoğu kez "yüklem + -iyor" yapısı

kullanılır.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TIME EXPRESSIONS

Always +	every + (time)/day/Monday/week/month/year
Usually	once + a + (time) (a month.a year)
Generally	twice + a + (time)
Occasionally	two times + a + (time)
Frequently	three times + a + (time)
Sometimes	on Sundays
Often	at weekends
hardly ever	on weekdays
Seldom
Scarcely
Rarely -

Passive form:

Edilgen yapıda kullanıldığında am, is, are + V3 şeklinde kullanılır:

The store is closed at ten every night.

The newspaper is brought to our door at seven in the morning.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A- An activity in progress right now

Konuşma enasında devam eden olayları anlatmak için kullanır.

I am washing the dishes, so do it yourself.

My father is watching the news, he doesn’t look at you.

B- A general activity that takes place over a period of time.

Konuşmanın geçtiği anda o eylemi yapmıyor olmasak bile o sıralarda yapmakta olduğumuz eylemleri bu tense ile anlatabiliriz. Genellikle şu zaman zarfları kullanılır: nowadays, these days, this term, this quarter, this semester, this year, this month...etc.

I am studying for the finals this week.

She is preparing the documents for the visa this semester.

She is doing master this year.

C- Future arrangements (plans)

Önceden planladığımız ve kesin olarak yapmayı düşündüğümüz işleri anlatırken de Present Continuous Tense kullanırız.

We are playing football this week..

We are introducing the new project next week.

He is taking two main projects this year.

America is not signing the Kyoto Protocol this year.

D- An attitude of annoyance

Şikayet ya da kızgınlık belirtmek için bu tense constantly, always, continually, perpetually, forever gibi zarflar ile birlikte kullanılır

Why are you always doing this to me?

He is continually making the same mistake again and again!

E- Decisiveness

Kararlılık ifadelerinde kullanılır.

You are doing your homework and I am not letting you go!

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: TIME EXPRESSIONS

at present	just this time
at the moment	nowadays
at the present time	rapidly
at this very moment	steadily
constantly	these days
continuously	this time
currently	now
every passing minute	presently
for the time being	what a beautiful day!
Listen!	this week/ semester/ month
Look!	today

Passive form:

Edilgen yapısı am, is, are+being+V3 şeklindedir:

Her hair is being cut now.

The house is being painted nowadays.

3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A- An action which began and ended at a particular time in the past

Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olmuş bitmiş (tamamlanmış) eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

He was only a few feet away and I recognized him.

She suddenly jumped out of the window and I just watched her fall.

B- An activity that took place regularly in the past

Geçmişte düzenli aralıklarla olmuş eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanılır. Bu bakımdan "USED TO" gibi kullanılır ama bu kullanım nadirdir.

I worked for six hours everyday in Montenegro.

We came together every week to discuss on the topic.

C- In reported speech and wish clauses

Dolaylı anlatım ve dilek yapılarında, eylem geniş zaman olsa da past tense ile ifade edilir.

She says she visited her mother every week.

I wish I were rich.

SIMPLE PAST: TIME EXPRESSIONS

yesterday	on Sunday
in + 2006	in May
in the nineteenth century	at two o'clock
at the beginning of this century	the other day
(time) + ago	last, first
before + (time)	How long ago....?
previous + (time)	for two years-from 2004 to 2006.
in the morning	It's time....
the last time	It's high time
the first time	I'd rather + you + V2 (didn't +V1)
earlier
today
this week

Passive form

Edilgen yapısı was/were+V3 şeklindedir

His pale skin was yellowed by dust.

Their door is repaired by the mechanic.

The man was a stranger, and it is rare that a man enters the town on foot at that hour. Besides, the man was a hunchback. He was scarcely more than four feet tall and he wore a ragged dusty coat that reached only to his knees. His crooked little legs seemed too thin to carry the weight of his great warped chest and the hump that sat on his shoulders. He had a very large head, with deep-set blue eyes and a sharp little mouth. His face was both soft and sassy- at the moment his pale skin was yellowed by dust and there were lavender shadows beneath his eyes. He carried a lopsided old suitcase which was tied with a rope.

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4. PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A -An activity that was in progress at a particular time in the past

Geçmişte belli bir anda devam etmekte olan olayları anlatmak için kullanılır.

She was walking on the road at that time.

I did not hear you, I was listening to music.

She was riding home and saw the accident.

B- An event or activity that was planned but not fulfilled in the past (also with was / were going to)

Geçmişte planlanmış ama yapılamamış eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.

I was going to call you but I didn’t have time.

We were going to leave for abroad but our car was broken.

C- In wish clauses and conditional sentences

Koşullu cümlelerde ve dilek kiplerinde kullanılır:

I was having fun with my family right now if I went home.

I wish I was working in a good restaurant there.

D- describing a scene or place in a story

Bir hikayede bir sahne veya durumu tasvir ederken kullanılır:

People were running around, children were crying and he was crying for mercy.

E- two events happening at the same time.

Aynı anda sürmekte olan iki paralel eylemi anlatırken kullanılır.

She was talking to me and I wasn’t listening to her.

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: TIME EXPRESSIONS

while just as as

when from +, (time) + to + (time) at that time at 7 o'clock yesterday

Passive form:

Passive form:

Edilgen yapısı was/were+being+V3 şeklindedir:

She was being told about the dangers of the job.

The trees were being cut, and he was trying in vain to stop them.

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5. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

A- An activity or action that happened at an unspecific time before now

İçinde bulunduğumuz anın öncesinde olmuş ancak zamanı tam olarak bilinmeyen eylemleri ifade eder. Bu zamanda önemli olan eylemin zamanı değil sonucudur.

I have seen most of the places in this album.

I have read an article about this topic and it was against your idea.

B- An action that happened repeatedly before now

Bu kullanımda olayın tekrar tekrar yapıldığını belirtir, "today, this morning, this week, this month" gibi zaman zarfları

kullanılır.

İ have broken the third glass this morning.

I have gone there only once this year.

C- An action that began in the past and continues up to the present (often used with for and since)

Süreç (eylem belli bir süreç içinde gerçekleşir) Kısaca bu tense belli bir noktada başlamış ve halen devam eden eylemleri ifade eder.

I have studied American History for two weeks.

How long have you been here?

D- An action that recently occurred

Kısa bir süre önce tamamlanmış eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

She has just finished her exam and now the teacher took her paper.

E- An action to be completed in the future, in adverbial clauses

Zarf cümleciklerinde gelecekte tamamlanmış olacağı vurgulanan eylemleri ifade eder.

If you have already finished your work when I ask you, you will earn a gift from me.

PRESENT PERFECT & PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: TIME EXPRESSIONS

since + başlangıç noktası	+ is + the + longest, oldest
since 2001, since then, ever since	This most+adj/ adj+est
since I was born	up to now, hitherto, recently, recent, lately
for + period=süreç	all + (time), all my life.all week, all day, all this week.
for ten years, for five years now	my whole life,
for the last/past two days/three hours	two times, three times,
just	several times this month
yet	many times,
already	many times this year,
still	How long....?
so far, thus far up till now until now by now	in my life
in	never
over past	ever
for + the +	lately
during last (time)	all long
first, second,...	day
It best, worst	morning
	week

Passive form

Edilgen yapısı have/has+been+V3 şeklindedir

Her hair has been dyed yellow.

Their house have been repaired.

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6. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A-An activity that began in the past and continues up to the present

Present Perfect Tense'den farklı olarak bu zaman, yapılan eylemin sürekliliğini de ön plana çıkarır.

He has been getting ready for revenge since his father’s death.

She has been speaking with me for 12 hours.

B-A general action lately in progress

Bu kullanımda da eylemin süreklilik göstermesi önemlidir. Recently, lately, all day, all week, all year...vb.
zaman zarfları kullanılır:

America has been looking for ways to negotiate with the Middle Eastern countries since the Persian War.

NATO has been trying to solve the problems in Arabian countries in North Africa recently.

Passive form

Edilgen yapısı have/has+been+

7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

A-An action that occurred before another activity in the past

Geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, önce olanı ya da geçmişte belli bir noktadan önce gerçekleşen eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I had never seen such a boring film until I watched it in Ankara.

I had washed my hands before I ate it.

The government had tried to convince the country before it declared war against it.

B-An action that was expected to occur in the past

Geçmişte belli bir noktadan önce olmuş ancak etkileri o noktada devam eden eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır.

By the time the government heard the news of the coming war, they had already evacuated the towns near the borders.

C- in reported speech and wish clauses

Dolaylı anlatım ve dilek cümlelerinde geçmiş zamanda kullanılır:

I wish I had told him earlier.

He reported that the accident had happened the night before.

PAST PERFECT: TIME EXPRESSIONS

never........ before
for
since
just
yet

the night before. the year before before. all afternoon all night long earlier

Passive form

Edilgen yapısı had+been+V3 şeklindedir.

By the time Iran-Iraq war concluded, the town had been evacuated.

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8. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

A- An activity that was in progress before another activity in the past.

Geçmişte belli bir zamandan ya da eylemden önce gerçekleşen olayın sürekliliğini vurgulamak için kullanılır.

Greece had been borrowing money from European countries just before its economy crashed.

B- In reported speech

Dolaylı anlatımda past progressive ve present perfect progressive yerine "Past Perfect Progressive"

kullanılır.

He said that he had been working there for years.

They warned me that the spies had been searching information about me for two weeks.

9. FUTURE (Be Going To)

A- Expressing a prediction

Gelecekte meydana gelme olasılığı bulunan bir olaydan ya da geleceğe yönelik bir tahminden söz ediliyorsa "BE GOING TO" kullanılır. Bu yönüyle "will" in kullanımına benzer. Ancak çok yakın gelecekte olma olasılığı yüksek olan tahminlerde "BE GOING TO" kullanılır.

According to the weather forecast, it is going to be rainy tomorrow.

The commission agrees that the party is going to win the next election.

B- Expressing a future plan or intent

Önceden tasarlanmış eylemleri ifade ederken kullanılır. Bu kullanımıyla "be going to" ve "Present Continuous Tense" birbinin yerine kullanılabilir.

I am going to stay here tonight.

I am going to apply universities for master when I graduate from university.

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Passive form

Edilgen yapısı am/is/are+going to +be+V3 şeklindedir.

The roof is going to be repaired tomorrow.

10. SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL)

A-Expressing a prediction

Geleceğe yönelik bir tahminden söz ediliyorsa "will" kullanılabilir.

According to the weather forecast, the southern parts of Turkey will be snowy tomorrow.

I guess he will be very excited with the news of their marriage.

B- (with I / we) to express a spontaneous decision:

Ani alınan bir karan anlatırken kullanılabilir.

I will pay for the books by credit card.

She has decided that she will go by plane.

C- Expressing willingness / unwillingness or making a decision at the time of speaking:

Konuşma anında yapmaya o an karar verdiğimiz eylemleri anlatırken kullanılır.

I need your help! Don’t worry, I will close the store and come right now.

Oh I have run out of money. Ok. I will pay for you.

D-to express willingness:

Bir teklifte bulunurken kullanılır.

Do your job, I will wash the dishes.

Come on! I will do the typing if you don’t have time now.

E- expressions of hope, wish, doubt or prediction

Umut, şüphe, dilek veya tahmin ifadelerinde kullanılır.

I doubt she will manage it before long.

I’m afraid she will lose her temper when she sees this mess.

We all hope we will overcome the situation.

F. polite requests

Birisinden bir şey yapmasını rica ederken kullanılabilir

Will you control the script for me please?

Will you close the door when you are going out?

simple future -near future	: TIME EXPRESSIONS
SIMPLE FUTURE
tomorrow next + (time)		NEAR FUTURE
soon		tomorrow
before long		today
in two years		this evening
this evening

Passive form

Edilgen yapısı will+be+V3 şeklindedir.

The room will be cleaned when you arrive.

The slide will be shown on the board in a few minutes.

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11. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

A- An activity that will be in progress at a particular time in the future.

Gelecekte belli bir anda devam etmesi beklenen eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır.

I will be having dinner with my family at this hour tomorrow.

She will be mastering at Oxford next year.

B- An activity that will occur at an unspecified time in the future

Tam olarak ne zaman olacağı bilinmeyen ancak gelecekte olacak eylemleri ifade etmek için bu tense kullanılır.

we will be travelling around the world when we have money.

I will be writing my book about a cheated woman years later.

C- A future activity that has already been decided

Gelecekte gerçekleşmesi kesin olan eylemlerin ifade edilmesinde kullanılır.

My mother will be retiring from her job next week.

We will be taking off for America next month.

D- Polite requests

Kibarca bir istekte bulunurken kullanılır.

Will you be leaving the room for us?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS: TIME EXPRESSIONS

tomorrow	in a few minutes
this time next year/month/week	at this time next year
three days from now	at this time next month
next few days	in the future
right after
very soon

Passive Form

Edilgen yapısı will+be+

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12. FUTURE PERFECT

A- An activity that will be completed before another activity in the future

Gelecekte belli bir olay ya da andan önce tamamlanmış olacak eylemler bu tense ile ifade edilir.

By this time next week, I will have worked for this company for 24 years.

I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.

We will have finished the project by this time next week.

This time tomorrow, I'll have gone to Italy. .. , .—

Workers will Have completed repairs by the time the airport reopens.

By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework..

FUTURE PERFECT &FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: TIME EXPRESSIONS

by the time	yet
by + (time)	in a week
by May	in two weeks'time
by next September	already
by the end of next month	by sunset today
By this time next week	by nine o'clock tonight
before then	by September
for six hours by ten o'clock	for two years by the end of next month ' '

13. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

A- Emphasizing the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another activity in the future

Gelecekte belli bir olay ya da andan once tamamlanacak eylemin gösterdiği devamlılık bu tense ile İfade edilir.

By the end of your course, you will have been learning English for five years.

We will have been working on the project for two months by September.

He will have been studying English for two years by the end of next month.

They will have been running for six hours by ten o'clock..

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MODALS RELATED WORDS (KİP BELİRTEÇLERİ ve diğer SÖZCÜKLER)

Değişik anlam ve şekillerde on üç kip belirteci vardır.

can must would

could shall ought to

may should used to

might will need

dare

Bu kip belirteçler ile anlam ve yapı bakımından benzerlik gösteren sözcükler de vardır.

be able to	be used to	have to	had better
be going to	be supposed to	had to	would rather
be to	get used to	have got to	would sooner
be accustomed to		would prefer
get accustomed to

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obligation necessity zorunluluk, gereklilik	V You S/He They	must have/has to had to ought to should ought to have should have	do it done it
Absence of necessity Gerekli olmama	They You	needn’t have don’t have to haven’t got to didn’t have to didn’t need to hadn’t got to	do it
Warning Prohibition Uyarı, yasaklama	You S/He They	mustn’t oughtn’t to shouldn’t had better not aren’t to	smoke here shout eat much

Fuat

Arrangement Düzenleme	She he	will is going to is to was to Will	you	be getting married today get there tomorrow have got met Jane today give a party be studying English?
Promises Refusals Söz- reddetme	I you	will won’t shall		help you answer your questions
Offers Invitations Teklif Davet		Shall Would Will Wont Can	I you you I	open the window? like me to open the window? have a seat? help you madam?
Possibility olasılık	He She	can/could may/might will could have		be a spy. be a postman at the door been dead

ENGLISH CLUB PROFICIENCY

PERMISSION İZİN		May Might Can Could Would	1	go out? my going out? go to bed? my going to bed?
PERMISSION İZİN	He You	can may		go out?
REQUEST rica		Can Could	you	move aside? pass the salt?
REQUEST rica		Would Will	you	please move aside? please pass the salt?
ADVICE ÖĞÜT	You	should ought to had better		eat less, study hard.
		shouldn't		eat anything salty.
		shouldn't have		done that, told a lie.
HABIT ALIŞKANLI K	He	will used to would		speak too slowly, get up early when he was at a boarding school.
PREFERENC ES TERCİH	1	would rather		go by taxi.
				you went by taxi
				have died then surrender to the enemy.
PROBABILI TY OLASILIK	She	may must should		be tired, be at home, be sleeping.
EXPECTATION DEDUCTION BEKLENTİ-ÇIKARIM	He She Ali Mary	ought to should will		get there by noon, answer the questions, get the licence.
		must		be sleeping, be exhausted.
		should be should have		arriving there now. arrived there by tomorrow.
DETERMINATION & WILLINGNESS KARARLILIK-İSTEKLİLİK	1 You He	will would like to		do my best to learn English, live as 1 like.
		won't shall not will never		drive a car over normal speed again.
		shall		stay at home.
		will		do to the theatre this week?
ABILITY YAPABİLME	1	can am able to		do it by myself.
ABILITY YAPABİLME	1	could was able to		do it by myself when 1 was a child.
ORDERS EMİR	You	can / must		do it as you've been told.
		Are to Shall Mustn't		do it again.
		Do it again, will	you?

ÜDS - KPDS - YDS - COPE - TOEIC - TOEFL

1.be (am /is /are) able to

"Bir şeyi yapabilmek" anlamını taşır. Can’den farklı olarak farklı zamanlara çekimlenebilir.

She will be able to speak French in two months

The team is able to gather in two minutes

2. can

a)bir şeyi yapabilmek

Can you speak French?

She can play guitar.

b)olasılık

He can come back here any moment.

She can be the woman that I saw that night.

c)izin, rica

Can I sleep here ?

Can you dose the window ?

d)Olumsuz sonuç çıkarma (her zaman olumsuz yapıda kullanılır)

I saw her last night, she can’t be abroad.

This can’t be yours, you care about your t-shirts.

e)Geçmişe ait olumsuz bir sonuç çıkarma (her zaman olumsuz yapıda kullanılır)

She can’t have seen him, he was with me.

I’m sure the keys are with me, I can’t have forgotten to take them.

3.could

a) Geçmişte bir şeyi yapabilmek.

I could play guitar when ı was young.

She could run this road very well.

72 KPDS - ÜDS - YDS - COPE - PROFICIENCY - TOEtC -TO£FL

b)olasılık

Perhaps she could pass the exam.

c)izin, rica

Could you do me a favour ?

d)teklif

Could you come and visit me tomorrow ?

e)Sonuç çıkarma

He could be at work. He could be working,

f)Gerçekleşmemiş, geçmişe ait olasılık

I could have won the race.

The referee could have stopped the match. (But he didn't)

4.dare

a)Cesaret etmek

You daren't do it.

b)Sadece "I daresay" yapısı ile, olasılık

I dare say you are happy..

5. had better
Tercih, "olsa iyi olur"

We had better take a spare blanket.

I'd better keep all the money in a safe.

6. have (got) to

a) Konuşmacının gerçeklere dayanarak ilettiği zorunluluk.

I feel I have got to study much harder this year.

You have to take care of yourself or you’ll be ill.

ÜDS - KPDS - YDS - COPE - TOEIC - TOEFL 73

Fuat TURGUT ^Komisyon ,«.. DİL-SA YAYINCILIK

b) gerekmezlik (= needn't)

You don’t have to stop, there is no car.

You needn’t bring your computer, they are available in the office.

7. may

a) Olasılık

He may never come back to Turkey again.

She may be your teacher.

b) İzin, rica

You may go.
May I leave class early? ,

c) Gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem.

Most students may have studied hard then.

d)Geçmişe ait olası eylem

They may have missed the train.
she may have read the letter.

e)Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olasılık

They may have won the match. They played terribly.

May cümle başına geldiğinde hope, faith, wish and curse (umut, inanç, istek-dua veya beddua) anlamlarında da kullanılabilir.

-May you live long! .

-May he fall dead!.

-May you be happy! . :

-May she rest in peace!

May God bless you.

74 KPDS - ÜDS - YDS - COPE - PROFJCtENCY r TOEJC - TOEFL

8. might

a)zayıf olasılık

He might have hired a car.

b)izin isteme

might we come to the meeting?

c)gelecekte tamamlanması olası eylem

By the year 2008, you might have been retired.

d)geçmişe ait olası eylem

He might have visited us.

e)geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş olasılık

They might at least have visited us.

f)might as well = had better

We might as well wait for the taxi.

9. must

a) konuşmacının zorunlu gördüğü, kendi fikrine dayalı zorunluluk

I must say that I loved him.

You must listen to your mom.

b)çok kuvvetli olasılık

She must be listening to us

They must be on the road.

c) Yasaklama

You mustn’t smoke here.

The children mustn’t swallow this drug.

d) Geçmişte gerçekleşmiş olması olası eylem

She must have seen the doctor, or she couldn’t be well.

You must have studied earlier, it is not that easy to have this point.

10. need(n’t)

a) gerekmezlik (=don’t have to/doesn’t have to)

You needn’t study so much for this course.

She needn’t live in such a place.

b) gereklilik

Need I sign it?

Need I bring my bag with me?

c)geçmişte gerek olmadığı halde yapılmış eylem

You needn’t have carry all these books, there are their copies.

11. ought to (have)

a) öğüt, tavsiye

You ought to drink hot things when you cough.

The children ought to listen to their mothers.

b) geçmişte gerçekleş(me)miş olasılık

The flowers ought to have blossomed then.

She ought to have studied!

12. shall

a) gelecek, resmi kullanım

The Democrats shall win the election.

You shall have your paper signed.

b) öneri (shall we?)

Shall we drink some coffee after the meeting?

ÜDS - KPDS - YDS - COPE - TOEIC - TOEFL 75

13. should

a) yükümlülük

You should bring your papers on Monday.

She should apologize him.

b) Şu anda gerçekleşmesi gerekirken gerçekleşmeyen - ya da bunun tam tersi - eylem.

You should be at work now. You should be working.

c) "Why" veya "How" ile, tedirginlik ve öfke ifadesinde.

Why should I take care of him!

How should I find it at this time in the midnight!

d) Olasılık

The doctor should understand his feelings.

She is very late, she should be stuck in the traffic.

e) Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş gereklilik (have ile birlikte kullanılır)

She should have told me earlier about his situation.

I should have studied harder.

f) Bazı fiil ve sıfatlarla birlikte kullanılır

I advise that she should retire.

Was it essential that he should be retired ?

g) First conditional yapıda, devrik cümle oluşturmak için cümlenin başında kullanılır.

Should she come earlier, inform me immediately.

14. used to

a)Geçmişte olan ve artık devam etmeyen alışkanlık.

I used to drink milk every night.

She used to run one kilometer every morning.

B)Olumsuz yapıda, geçmişte olmayıp sonradan edinilen alışkanlık.

My mother didn’t use to smoke, but she has just started after the divorce.

I didn’t use to run, that’s why I was so fat.

"Be used to:alışkın olmak", "get used to" ise "alışkanlığı edinmek" anlamlarında kullanılır.Bunların ve yardımcı yüklem özellikleri yoktur. Ardından v+ing gelir.

- "Your friends at the party are making a lot of noise."

- "I'm used to it."

When I first started this work, it was difficult. Then I got used to working it..

ÜDS - KPDS - YDS - COPE - TOEIC - TOEFL 77

11. will

a)Geleceğe dönük durum veya bir eylem

I will help you with it.

Next week, we'll be living in London.

b)Rica, istek

Will you please open the door for me ?

c)Geleceğe yönelik kesin ve doğal sonuç

She is so selfish. She'll be fired

16.would

a) Geçmişteki alışkanlık, "used to" yapısından farkı, geçmişte yapılan bir alışkanlığın bitmiş olmasının gerekmemesidir.

She would do her job carefully, do you remember?

I would study every day.

b)Rica, istek

would you bring my computer please?

c)Geçmişte zorunluluk ve bazen de inat anlamındaki bir eylem.

I begged him to keep it secret, but he wouldn’t. .

d)Geçmişte gerçekleşmemiş eylem.

She would have been saved, but it was the doctors’ fault.

e) "Second conditional"koşul yapımında

If she loved her husband, she wouldn’t cheat him.

If the politician were elected president, he would increase the salary of the officers.

17. would rather

Tercih etmek, yeğlemek anlamında kullanılır, infinitive verb alır:

a) would rather do something:

tercih belirtir, geniş zamanı ve gelecek zamanı kapsar.

I would rather leave earlier as I have less time left.

You would rather study for the exams from now on, because our time is getting shorter.

78 KPDS - ÜDS - YDS - COPE - PROFICIENCY - TOEIC - TOEFL

ENGLISH CLUB PROFICIENCY

NOT: Bir tercih söz konusu olduğunda than kullanılır:

b. would rather do than (do) something else.

-ing veya to almaz:

We'd rather stay here than to go out. Yanlıştır.

He would rather play than watch the others.

c. would rather someone did something. (Birisinin bir şey yapmasını tercih etmek)

would rather + pronoun olması durumunda bu kişiden sonra gelen yüklem "Simple Past Tense"yapılır, ama anlam "Past" değildir.

- I'd rather you told me the truth first.

I would rather he studied beforehand.

d. would rather someone had done something (Birisinin geçmişte bir şey yapmış olmasını tercih
etmek)

I would rather you had spoken with me before claiming about me.

I would rather she had not dyed her hair red.

18. Would prefer

a. would prefer (to do)

Infinitive ile kullanıldığında özel bir durumdaki tercihi belirtir.

I would prefer vote the Democrats in the election. Republicans don’t seem to me very reliable this year.

-Oh Bartleby, please leave this room,

-I would prefer not to.

b. would prefer to do something rather than (do) something else

Bir şey yapmayı başka şeye yeğlemek veya onu tercih etmek.

I'd prefer to read the novel rather than watch its film.

I'd prefer to work at work today rather than stay at home.

I'd prefer to take a bus rather than wait here.

c. prefer (to do / doing) something to (do /doing) something else

Genel bir tercihi belirtmek için kullanılır.

I prefer coffee to tea.

I prefer to watch the football match on TV rather then (to watch) it in the stadium.

I prefer watching the match football on TV to watching in the stadium.

d. prefer to do something rather than (do) something else.

Bir şey yapmayı başka bir şey yapmaya yeğlemek. Burada "infinitive" kullanılır.

I prefer to live in a small town rather than (live) in a big city.

I prefer to dye my hair black rather than (dye) red.

ÜDS - KPDS - YDS - COPE - TOEIC - TOEFL 79

ENGLISH CLUB PROFICIENCY

PROGRESSIVE FORM

He cant have been studying much more than six hours. Altı saatten fazla ders çalışıyor olmuş olamaz.

My friend may/might/couW have been wortdhg in the evening. Arkadaşım akşamleyin çatışıyor olabilirdi.

I thought I must have been daydreaming when I read this the first time. Bunu ilk okuduğumda düş görüyor olmalıyım

diye düşündüm

If the guards were the witnesses to tie crime, then they could not have been sleeping when it happened.

Eğer korumalar suça tanık olsalardı olay olduğunda uyuyor olamazlardı.

I couldn't have been wasting all my money buying such cheap things.

Tüm paramı böyle ucuz şeyler alarak harcayamazdım.

BİTMİŞ KİPLİKLER - PERFECT WITH MODALS

1. could have: geçmişte olumlu düşük olasılık
Özne + could + perfect infinitive (-could have + past participle).

You could have asked me earlier.

You could have told me you were ill.

You could have accepted this job.

I could have bought a sport car.

I could have seen him maybe if I hadn’t gone home that early.

may / might have + V3

He may have missed the bus.

You might have heard the rumour.

She might have refused the additional responsibility.

According to the newspaper, the doctor might have abused his authorities.

may not have + V3 veya might not have + V3: olumsuz düşük ihtimal

She may not have had the chance to call us.

The president may not have foreseen the results of his secret treaties.

can 't have + V3 veya couldn't have + V3: olumsuz, yüksek ihtimal

he cant have made such a mistake.

Goethe can’t have thought that Werther would be happier.

should / ought to +V3: -mesi gerekirdi / ama gereği yapılmamış

The government should/ought to have taken responsibility for the negotiations.

2. must have: geçmişteki bir olasılığı, varsayımı, çıkarımı anlatır.
Özne + must + have + V3 + tümleç

Their lights are off, this means they must have gone.

The burglars must have entered the shop through the front door.

mustn't have:yapılmamış olması gereken bir şeyi anlatır. Olumsuz ihtimal anlamı can’t ile ifade edilir.

I mustn’t have spoken with the professor in such a voice..

3. needn't have: geçmişte yapılmasa da olabilecek bir işin gereksiz yere
yapılmış olduğunu belirtir.

ÜDS - KPDS - YDS - COPE - TOEIC - TOEFL 13

Özne + needn't + have + V3 + tümleç

I rewrote all the paragraph on the computer

Oh, you needn’t have done it, you should only have controlled it.

ZAMAN İFADELERİNİN CÜMLEDE YERİ:

ÖRNEK.:'	recently, now, then, yesterday" cümlenin sonuna gem*.
subject	verb(s)	indirect object	direct object	time
1	will tell	you	the story	tomorrow.

Zaman vurgulanmazsa cümle başına gelebilir.

time	subject	verb(s)	indirect object	direct object
Tomorrow	1	will tell	you	Hie story.

Cümle ortasında yer alabilir.

subject	auxiliary/be	adverb	main verb	object, place or time
1		often	go swimming	in the evenings.
He	doesn't	always	play	football.
We	are	usually		here in summer.
1	have	never	been	abroad.

TENSE AGREEMENT in TIME CLAUSES

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause of Time
Present/Future	Present
Past	Past

NOT: İSTİSNASI "SINCE" İLE KURULAN YAPILARDIR

1.I haven’t heard from her since she left the school (Present Perfect + Simple Past)

2.1 haven't seen her since she has left the school. (Present Perfect + Present Perfect)

3. He has been working since he left university. (Present Perfect Cont+Simple Past)

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause of Time
The Simple Present	The Simple Present

> I need to take medication before I start exercising

> Whenever you find time, relax with your feet elevated to reduce swelling.

> Every time (Whenever) I see my old doctor, she doesn't recognize me.

> I do my homework after I watch the news on TV.

KPDS - ÜDS - YDS- GOPErPROFietgNCY-TOBCvTOEFL

No sooner do I come in the evening than I take off my suit.

> Whenever I come to Konya, I visit the Mevlana museum.

> Once we make up our mind, we go to the cinema.

> As they get older, people get more optimistic.

> Sally waits patiently while Jane books the tickets.

> Whenever Sam goes to Canada, he always visits Niagara Falls.

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause of Time
The Simple Future > The Simple Present >	The Simple Present The Simple Future

> Once you've run up bills, you will have to pay for things at once.

> The next time I buy new sneakers, I will walk around in them first.

> As soon as you put on my sweater, you will never feel cold.

> Before we fly to Canada, we will visit Spain.

> After I do some shopping tomorrow, I will go to the cinema.

> As soon as I get home, 111 phone you.

> The next time I buy new car, I will buy a Mercedes.

> Before Linda leaves for work, Mary will roller-skate around her house three times.

> When John finishes this semester, he will take a trip to France.

> As soon as I get home, I will take a nap.

> I will go nowhere until you tell me the truth.
J1I wash my hair before I go to work.

> Well get angry when they have made jokes.

> She won't take the advanced diving class until Sally finishes her scuba-diving course.

Simple Present

Present Perfect

> Most children learn to talk after they have learned to walk.

Simple Present

Future Perfect

> By the time you get home, I will have had the house cleaned.

> By the time the plane arrives, we will have completed the crossword puzzle.

Present progressive

Future progressive

> While Tim is working tomorrow, his brother will be staying with us.

> While Mary is working tomorrow, her sister will be painting the living room.

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause of Time
The Simple Future >	Present Perfect

> I'll make some cake after I have finished my letter.

> We shall watch TV until our father has arrived.

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause of Time
Present Perfect >	<The Simple Past

ENGLISH CLUB PROFICIENCY

Main Clause >	Adverbial Clause
The Past Perfect > The Simple Past >	The Simple Past The Past Perfect

> I had finished my lunch when they came.

> Joe didn't go until he had spoken to Tom.

> We had never watched TV until our father bought a television set.

> You had not left the house yet when I telephoned.

> The film had ended by the time we arrived there.

> I had been studying when the telephone rang.

> Hardly had I slept when I dreamt of something.

> No sooner had I said hello than he came in.

> After she had learned to drive, Mary felt more independent.

> The telephone started ringing just after she had left her home.

> When John got home, his brother had been surfing the web for five hours.

> By the time Ed finished his essay, most of the friends had left.

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause
The Simple Past >	<The Past Perfect

> When Mozart died 207 years ago this month, he had been unable to finish his Requiem.

> Before we went there, we had phoned them.

> When I was born, television had not been invented yet.

> When the telephone rang, I had studied.

> By the time I saw her again, she had already married Jim.

> Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with.

> As soon as we had bought a new car, we went to the coasts, of the Black Sea.

> After he had taken a bath, he went out.

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause
The Past Perfect Continuous	The Simple Past

> I had been studying for 2 hours when the telephone rang.

> She had been cleaning the house for an hour when I came in.

> She had been learning / had learned English hard until she found a job.

> I had been waiting for two and a half hours when she arrived.

Main Clause	Adverbial Clause
The Future Perfect / The Future Perfect Continuous	The Simple Present

> The film will already have started by the time we arrive there.

> I will have been sleeping for five hours by the time you finish your homework.

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